Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Why People Should Nap During The School Of Montgomery...

Most college students spend their time up all night studying, and they regret it the next morning when they are struggling to stay awake from the lack of sleep. Along with this many students nap during the day to make up for the loss of sleep. Many studies have found that napping can actually improve moods, health, and academic performance. This is shown in different studies from surveys, to testing different reactions and moods. All the way to actually providing students with a place to nap. Napping can increase academic performance, mood, and have a positive effect on health. All of these being reasons why people should nap. The main campus of Montgomery College, a community college in a northern part of Washington, DC performed sample and then a study method survey in October of 2007, where they found a correlation between the amount sleep people get along with what time they get up and academic performance. They used a questionnaire-based survey, getting 157 out of 170 back they found that, as stated by Eliassons in his Article, There was a significant difference in the timing of sleep between high and low academic performers (Eliasson). With that finding they were more focused on targeting sleep habits of students in programs to increase academic performance. Along with this survey based study another university performed something similar. A large southwestern university in October 2012 also performed a survey based study. They got people to perform the surveyShow MoreRelatedGreat State Wheat Flakes Cant Be Beat16284 Words   |  66 Pagesmanager on this cereal, has been pleased with the agencyâ₠¬â„¢s work over the years, the old positioning, which stressed taste attributes and fun-filled family breakfasts, has become tired and dated. Marketing research shows a high degree of consumer wearout—people are tired of the campaign, even annoyed with it, and are ready for something fresh. Betty’s task is to rejuvenate the brand via repositioning it to take advantage of, and tie into, the health and well-being trend, specifically the current interestRead MoreGreat State Wheat Flakes Cant Be Beat16274 Words   |  66 Pagesmanager on this cereal, has been pleased with the agency’s work over the years, the old positioning, which stressed taste attributes and fun-filled family breakfasts, has become tired and dated. Marketing research shows a high degree of consumer wearout—people are tired of the campaign, even annoyed with it, and are ready for something fresh. Betty’s task is to rejuvenate the brand via repositioning it to take advantage of, and tie into, the health and well-being trend, specifically the current interestRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesappropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

The Ghost Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare - 929 Words

In William Shakespeare s Hamlet, the ghost appears very little but causes Hamlet to think abnormally and act unlike his normal self. He is accused of madness and hallucinating in one scene, and it can be traced back to the ghost causing it. By only speaking to Hamlet throughout the play, the ghost presence is not always clear, and it makes other characters think Hamlet has gone crazy. Even though the ghost only appears twice to speak with Hamlet, each visit significantly affects him. Throughout the first appearance, the ghost causes Hamlet to think abnormally about his actions, leading to impulsively chasing the ghost. â€Å"I say away!-Go on. I’ll follow thee† (Ham 1.5.96). Hamlet is shocked to see the ghost, and his mind fills with curiosity as to why his father has appeared. Hamlets fears the ghost but not enough to be scared away, which is why he still followed it. The ghost also makes Hamlet dumbfounded by telling him King Hamlet’s death is a due to Claudius poisoning him to obtain the crown. â€Å"A serpent stung me. So the whole ear of Denmark / Is by a forged process of my death / Rankly abused. But know, thou noble youth, / The serpent that did sting thy father’s life / Now wears his crown† (Ham 1.5.43-47). Hamlet is affected here because now he knows who killed his father and why he did it. So when the ghost says Adieu, adieu, adieu. Remember me (Ham 1.5.98), the ghost asks his son to seek revenge against the sin that Claudius committed against him. After agreeing to theShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Hamlet And The Ghost Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough written over 400 hundred years ago, Hamlet remains a puzzling and complex play, partially due to the ambiguous Queen Gertrude. The Queen is a puzzling character as her motives are unclear and readers question her intentions throughout the play. Townsend and Pace in The Many Faces Of Gertrude: Opening And Closing Possibilities In Classroom Talk view her â€Å"as a simple-minded, shallow woman...who has no self beyond a sexual one† while Harmonie Loberg in Queen Gertrude: Monarch, Mother, MurdererRead MoreThe Ghost Of William Shakespeare s Hamlet1030 Words   |  5 PagesIn William Shakespeare s Hamlet, the ghost of King Hamlet is a subtle character who has a major effect on Hamlet during the play. Although he appears very little, the ghost causes Hamlet to not think correctly, not act his normal self, and make people think he has gone insane. The ghost’s presence is not always clear and only speaks to Hamlet in the story, which makes other characters think Hamlet is going crazy. Throughout the play, the ghost only appears four times throughout the play, but everyRead MoreThe Ghost Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1566 Words   |  7 PagesElsinore, Denmark, a ghost walks around the platform in the the castle. The ghost was first discovered by the watchman, Francisco, then by Horatio. The ghost resembles King Hamlet who had recently passed away. His brother Claudius inherited the throne and married Queen Gertrude who was previously Hamlet’s wife and now the joint of the country. When Horatio and the watchmen bring Prince Hamlet, the son of Gertrude and the dead king to see the ghost, it speaks to him. The ghost said that it was hisRead MoreHamlet And The Ghost By William Shakespeare1671 Words   |  7 PagesHamlet and The Ghost A ghost is a spiritual being that is said to be a spirit of a deceased person. They are something that most people fear, don’t believe in, or think they are an evil being. Different religions have different views on ghosts and along with those views come different stories. One story that involves a ghost is Hamlet. Hamlet has recently lost his father and thinks he is being surrounded by his father’s ghost. However, Hamlet is at first unsure about the ghost’s state. He doesRead More Strange Behavior and Ghosts in Hamlet by William Shakespeare1519 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the play ‘Hamlet‘, we see that the protagonist seems troubled and quite isolated. The Shakespearean play is believed to have been first performed between 1600 and 1601 but not published until 1603. Hamlet is the young prince of Denmark, his mother Gertrude married her brother-in-law shortly after her husband (Hamlet’s father) died. In the Elizabethan era many people believed in supernatural forces and this is displayed within the play when Hamlet’s father returns as a ghost. Many people wouldRead MoreThe Ghost Of William Shakespeare s Hamlet 2253 Words   |  10 Pagesjoin Bernardo. The guards talk about the strange ghost that they have seen for the past two nights around the same time. They claim that it is the ghost of the recently deceased King Hamlet. Horatio, who is skeptical, has been brought along to try to communicate with the ghost if it shows up. The ghost does appear, and it looks exactly like King Hamlet; interestingly, he is in full armor and suited for battle. Horatio tries to speak to it, but the ghost does not reply and then disappears. HoratioRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet856 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is an American playwright and poet. He was born April 23, 1564 and died on the same day 52 years later on April 23, 1616. Throughout his life, he has accomplished many things. Some of his most famous works include but are not limited to Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, and Hamlet. For one of his famous works, Hamlet, Shakespeare uses plot to strengthen the point of corruption in the play. Another element used to further help the theme of the play is character. The final literary elementRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Hamlet981 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is a historic writer that is well known and wrote many plays in his lifetime. In most of his plays, if not all, he has incorporated hidden meanings and messages. The majority of his hidden meanings are controversial topics of his time period. In Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, the controversial topic that is throughout the pl ay is religion and the afterlife. Afterlife plays a big role in Hamlet and is discussed throughout the play. Multiple authors have written on the topic of afterlifeRead MoreEssay on Vengeance in Shakespeares Hamlet - The Theme of Revenge1162 Words   |  5 PagesTheme of Revenge in Hamlet    In Shakespeares tragedy,  Hamlet, the thoughts of revenge are introduced early in the play. At the end of the first act, Hamlet meets the ghost of his deceased father. He is brought to see him by Horatio and Marcellus, who saw the ghost yesternight (Shakespeare 1.2.190). During this exchange of words between the Ghost and Hamlet, the Ghost tells Hamlet, [s]o art thou to revenge, when thou shalt hear. (Shakespeare 1.5.5). He is telling Hamlet to listen closelyRead MoreInterpretation of Conflict within Hamlet1684 Words   |  7 Pagesreasons. Within Act 3, Scene 4 of Hamlet, Shakespeare provides little direction by which the scene should be interpreted, but the play, taken in its entirety, proposes a certain way in which Hamlet and Gertrude express their emotions. This has led to distinctive cinematic interpretations of this scene, all in which portray the storyline in a unique way. Kenneth Branagh’s version of the closet scene provides a more realistic portrayal of the confl ict between Hamlet and Gertrude than the Gregory Dovan

Monday, December 9, 2019

Hospitality Management Production and Operation Management

Question: Discuss about the Hospitality Management for Production and Operation Management. Answer: Introduction Black Beans caf is situated at Sydney CBD. The case has reputation and fame for providing quality coffee and beverages. A new operational manager has been hired by the management of the organization to enhance the functionalities and performance of the business process. In this paper operational strategy of Black bean Caf have been mentioned. After studying the overall case study it could be said that Back Bean Caf has huge opportunity in the market and it can easily enhance its business performance. Appropriate business plan would be required for accomplishing all their activities. After studying the case study it could be said that respective organization has multiple goals and targets. Each of them must have to be focused in an efficient manner so that organization can reach to its peak of success. In this case operation management has been asked to set some fruitful strategies for the respective caf so that organization can meet their target. After having the discussion it has been found that respective caf wants to enhance its growth by market share and financial turnover. For doing such thing appropriate operational plan would be required (Roth, 1993). The operational plan made by the respective manager has been mentioned below; Strategies Performance Criteria Time frames Budget Responsibility Resources 1. Make a contract with appropriate vegetables provider in the local market. Through this process quality could be maintained. Management must have to focus on this aspect so that quality of food would be good and tasty. If ethical provider delivers food then quality can be maintained. For doing such thing respective management must need minimum of six months. For making contract with the vegetable suppliers approximately 250AUD would be required on a monthly basis. For handling this type of activity Operation manager would be responsible. The manager must have to negotiate with the suppliers for getting the benefits. Resources can be generated through different sources. There are many vegetable suppliers present in the market. Management must have to be familiar with all those links. 2. Hire and recruit efficient staffs for the business process. As the management wants to enhance its business growth, efficient staffs would be hired on the basis of their skills and knowledge on This can be implemented on as need arises basis and all future recruitment should follow the process. For this purpose a reputed employment agency can be contracted and this will use a commission of 100AUD for each successful placement. The human resource department of the restaurant will handle this part of the procedure and the HR manager will handle the process. The number of employment agencies in Sydney is high but the quality of the company has to be assured through market analysis. 3.Make sure that the employees act according to caf budget and reduce wastage and increase efficiency to decrease overheads so that growth rate is higher. Adherence to common sense along with the company policies to ensure that the employees understand their role in the improvement of the profitability of the business. To implement this policy fully there is need of a time of three months for the caf. This will include instruction of the hired staff that will result in loss of work hour and some demonstration material must be printed and distributed so the cost will be insignificant. The responsibility of this will fall upon the manager of the staff or the supervisor in the kitchen and wait staff. The resources required for this is the complete guide of any cost that can be reduced by the company. So except full knowledge of the operations no other resources are necessary. 4.Marketing of the company must take a higher priority in the local market as the goal of the company is to increase foot traffic. This requires the proper communication to the target customers and the adherence to the government policies like do not call policy. For successful achievement of this strategy there is need for the time of six months approximately for the full effect of the strategy to reveal itself. The budget required for this approach will cost no more than 40000 AUD. The methods like pamphlets with local news papers and signs on light posts will be carried out in that budget. The marketing department and the manger will be especially responsible for the determination of the p[roper media and communication method to market the product of the company. The intellectual resource required by the company is the knowledge of the customer base and the connection to the local TV channels and news papers. 5.Product development is the requirement of the caf to keep the existing customers so new items must be added to the menu periodically. This requires the attention of the chefs and baristas of the caf to experiment with new recipes regularly and the resulting concoctions must be tasted by the staff and manager to judge its suitability as a permanent part of the menu. This should take the time of two months and a new item should be added to the menu of the caf in this interval and this should be a continuous process. The budget for this should be low as the materials used in the experiments will be from the caf and the cost of those can be minimal because the amount of wastage would be insignificant. The responsibility for the experimentation will fall upon the cooks and the baristas of the caf and upon the manager to approve and disapprove of the new items. The resources required here is the experienced chefs and baristas who have knowledge of their profession and the experience to conduct the necessary experimentation with the menu. 6. Gain competitive advantage by enticing the existing customers with special offers and discounts that can not be duplicated by the competitors. The criteria for this to not to lose any regular customers to any other shop in the locality. For successful achievement of the criteria the time needs is the time of almost one year where the permanent customers can be marked and the success of the strategy seen. The budget for this will be offset from the promotional budget and it will cost no more than 500 AUD per month as the attracting of new customers and converting them into permanent ones require time and effort. The responsibility of this task falls upon the manger and waitresses to determine the likely candidates that work locally and the suitable offers that will entice them to come to the shop again and again. The resource requirement for this task is the identification of likely potential customers and thinking up suitable offers that will attract a daily customer from the locality. 7. the protection of intellectual property of the caf like the special blends of coffee and the recipes for their lunch menu needs to be protected by the staff as the only the head chef will know and control the amount of some ingredients so that the other staff cannot betray the secrets to the competitors. The criteria for this are to ensure that the recipes and future plans of themes of special occasion are closely guarded. There is no time limit to this task as this is an ongoing process. The budget for this inconsequential as the loyalty of the staff cannot be bought but there needs to be some provision for the strategy in the employment contracts The responsibility of this falls upon the staff supervisor and the manger as they will monitor and control the actions of their subordinates. The resources required for this task is the knowledge of the background of the staff and observe any incident that might indicate foul paly. Meeting plan The meeting plan will consist of two of the strategies discussed in the first part of the assignment and the explaining of the responsibilities of the people involved in the process of implementation. The meeting will be made up of the general manager of the store the human resource manager and the head chef and the kitchen and wait staff supervisor. They are the highest ranked employees in the organization and the duty of implementing the particular strategy will fall upon them. Step one The first step of the meeting will be informing the individual member of the staff who are admitted in the meeting about all the new strategies and pointing out the people specifically required for the implementation of the different strategies and informing them of the details of the plan and the implementation stages and performance criteria of the strategies. Step two The plans will be taken on one by one and the people responsible will be addressed directly by the manager and the plans and their role in the plan will be discussed. This is the most crucial step of the meeting as this is the stage where the staff concerns and input about the strategies will be discussed (Bjerregaard, 1979). The staff might provide valuable input into the strategy and implementation stages by both pointing out any flaw that might cause problems in the implementation stages and pointing out better and more efficient methods of achieving the same goal with less spending of time or money. The first plan that is going to be explained is the recruitment and training of the staff. Therefore, this will address the human resource manager of the organization and the general manger himself. The recruitment plan consists of the recruitment of the capable staff with the required skills for the job. This is to be achieved by using the help of a employment agency who will be paid on a case to case basis. The responsibility of the human resources manager will be to check the market for the local employment agencies and check their success rate and suitability for providing the employees with the specific qualities that are required by the organization. Then the choosing process will be done by the agency and will be paid for every hire made. But the final screening will be done by the human resources manager and he is free to acquire the help of any particular high ranking employee under whom the new employee will be working. He will be able to judge the competency and the knowledge of the employee and thus help in choosing the best candidate for the job. This plan will be implemented on as needed basis which will depend on the vacancy of the posts. So, the immediate responsibility of the HR manager will be to make sure that one employment agency is chosen and made contact with so that a contract with the agency can be drawn and a rate fixed for the supply. The next plan that is to be implemented is the plan for product development. This consists of the senior barista and the head chef of the caf. This will consist of continuous experimentation of new items for the menu and new blend of coffee (Bisen and Srivastava, 2009). This is to be implemented on a continuous basis and the successful creations will be recorded and introduced to the menu in regular intervals. This process will be taken up by the head chef who will experiment weekly with some new ingredient and the barista who will do the same. The general manger and some volunteers will also help in tasting the new brews and foods and the final decision will be made by the general manager on whether to make the item a permanent part of menu based on the response from the customers. Step three In the third step of the meeting the people present will be given chances to voice their opinions about the plans that are to be implemented and to point out any problems in implementation and the risks that might cause a plan to fail. This is also an important step as it will ensure the success of the plan if the details of the plan are agreed upon by the senior staff and the managers. The success of the plans depends upon the cooperation of the staff members and the managers so this is the time where the details of the plan will be cemented. Step four The fourth and final step of the plan will be set the budgetary requirements and time limit for the commencement of the plan. This will consist of the preliminary ideas about whom to approach with the plan and listing the resources required and allocating them to the people charged with the implementation of the strategy. The overall paper is showcasing the operational management of Black Bean Caf. The organization has been running their services for a long period of time. Now the company wants to enhance its business scopes and opportunities through its quality and strategies. Effective information gathering for the process: Operational manager must have to collect different information from the respective assessor to judge the overall basic functionalities of the organizations. Operation manager has been hired to improve the current organizational situation. In this case operational manager needs to focus on the information gathering process. Various strategies have been taken by the management to improve the current scenario. Information must have to be obtained on the basis of food quality, market environment, market share etc. Suppliers of raw materials also need to be taken care of. If operation manager could be able to collect this information, then everything can be executed in an efficient and appropriate manner. Both numerical data and secondary data have been collected for the analysis purpose. Productivity and profitability of chosen strategies: Profitability and performance is the main element for any kind of business organization. By the help of this process management can grow their business process. The overall paper is mainly showcasing the organization Black Bean Caf of Sydney that wants to enhance its product and service value. In this case strategies have been taken on the basis of marketing plan, service and quality of food etc. These strategies would be highly beneficial for the respective organization. Efficient manpower is the important aspect of the business process. Researchers stated that an organization can get profit advantage if their employees have efficiency of doing innovative products. In this case if staffs of respective caf prepare different modern foods and beverages, then people could be highly attracted. This thing highly related to the organizational profitability. After having the analysis it could be said that brand awareness among people is the most deadly element for the respective organization. The organization has multiple competitors in the local market. For this reason various obstacles are raised. Due to this issue operation manager must have to focus on this issues in an effective and efficient way so that brand value of the business could be increased. Conclusion The overall paper is made to justify the operational plan for the Black Bean Caf of Sydney. The Company has hired an operational manager to check their performance and functionalities. After measuring these elements management will focus on the improvement checklist. These are the process which could be able to change the face of the business. Different types of strategies have been highlighted with their budget. Each of the strategy could be executed properly by the help of responsible person. Responsibilities of people in the case of strategy implementation also have been mentioned. Each of the activity could be executed on the basis of effective resource allocation. Researchers stated that resource allocation is the only way to get good result, if management could be able to allocate resources properly then they will definitely get good return. References Operation Pilluted Is Largest-Ever DEA Prescription-Drug Operation. (2015).Topics in Pain Management, 30(12), pp.7-8. Bisen, V. and Srivastava, S. (2009).Production operation management. Lucknow, India: Word-Press. Bjerregaard, G. (1979). Greenhouse operation and management.Scientia Horticulturae, 10(4), p.400. Constable, C. (1976).Operation Management. USA: John Wiley Sons. Held, G. (2003).Ethernet networks. London: Wiley. Kronenberg, H. (1982). Greenhouse operation and management.Scientia Horticulturae, 17(2), p.198. Luttrell, M. and Robinson, P. (n.d.).Lone survivor. Martin, J. (1988). Operation SST.Nursing Management (Springhouse), 19(4), pp.7273. Roth, P. (1993).Operation Shylock. New York: Simon Schuster. Structure and operation of local and regional democracy. (2000). Strasbourg: Council of Europe Pub. Woodruff, E. and Lammers, H. (1977).Steam-plant operation. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

To India My Native Land free essay sample

In this poem, Derozio personifies India and talks to her in a monologue. Derozio talks about the glorious past of India. He tells her (while Derozio does not hint at what sex he personifies India as, I assume it to be a female because we always refer to a country as mother and in India we refer to our country as Bharat Mata (or mother India the diety)) that in her days of glory, she used to be regarded highly, worshipped and was considered sacrosanct. But now (at the time of writing the poem) all this grandeur of hers is lost. Derozio is evidently unhappy with the British rule in India and refers to the same in the line â€Å"The eagle pinion is chained down at last†, where eagle refers to India. It is believed that in early days of British rule, foreigners referred to India as the Golden Eagle or Golden bird as it was very rich and one of the largest producer of gold and diamonds. We will write a custom essay sample on To India My Native Land or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Foreign visitor were awed by the riches and hospitality that India offered. However, the British rule and internal weaknesses brought the country slavery and demolished its pride and identity. This thought is clearly conveyed in the following line by Derozio: â€Å"And groveling in the lowly dust art thou† There was an acute sense of hopelessness due to lack of freedom and stagnation in the standards of living. Derozio says that there is nothing more to write apart for the then current situation of the country (â€Å"no wreath to weave for thee, Save the sad story of thy miseryâ€Å").

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Free Essays on Zoot Suit Riots

The Zoot Suit Riots The 1943 Zoot Suit Riots were a type of war between the military and the â€Å"zoot suitors† which happened because of false accusations and fear. The newspapers and others used Mexicans (aka) â€Å"zoot suitors† as scapegoats for peoples’ concerns about Mexican Americans. The â€Å"zoot suitors† were beaten, murdered, and harassed just for trying to be different from the rest of society. Society was scared of change or of a different style than they were used to. Society and the military took action starting June 1,1943. (â€Å"Los Angeles Times,† June 2, 1943) During the next four nights, the riots took place in East Los Angeles, California. War between â€Å"zoot suiters† and military men went on for four nights. They pounded on each other. Military men were the ones who started this war. Mexicans were punished for defending themselves. the Police did not do anything about the crimes being committed because the military men brainwashed the police into thinking that the military men were the victims. The military men said they were attacked and fought for self-defense. Sailors sent word to the â€Å"zoot suiters† (who thought that Uncle Sam’s fighting men were not just that). The sailors did the beating and the Mexicans did the time. (â€Å"New York Times,† June 14, 1943) 600 people were arrested with 175 having charges made against them. Every single person held on charges had a Spanish last name. The riots came to Be called â€Å"The Zoot Suit Riots.† Zoot suits had a lot of meaning for different people. â€Å"Zoot suits† were a European fashion that was adopted by many races. It was also adopted by gangsters as their â€Å"official uniform† or dress. The zoot suits were a way for people to look and feel different. Gangsters were tired of trying to look â€Å"trendy† like other people and Not just Mexicans wore this type of clothing - it was all races - blacks, whites, Asians, and all other... Free Essays on Zoot Suit Riots Free Essays on Zoot Suit Riots The Zoot Suit Riots The 1943 Zoot Suit Riots were a type of war between the military and the â€Å"zoot suitors† which happened because of false accusations and fear. The newspapers and others used Mexicans (aka) â€Å"zoot suitors† as scapegoats for peoples’ concerns about Mexican Americans. The â€Å"zoot suitors† were beaten, murdered, and harassed just for trying to be different from the rest of society. Society was scared of change or of a different style than they were used to. Society and the military took action starting June 1,1943. (â€Å"Los Angeles Times,† June 2, 1943) During the next four nights, the riots took place in East Los Angeles, California. War between â€Å"zoot suiters† and military men went on for four nights. They pounded on each other. Military men were the ones who started this war. Mexicans were punished for defending themselves. the Police did not do anything about the crimes being committed because the military men brainwashed the police into thinking that the military men were the victims. The military men said they were attacked and fought for self-defense. Sailors sent word to the â€Å"zoot suiters† (who thought that Uncle Sam’s fighting men were not just that). The sailors did the beating and the Mexicans did the time. (â€Å"New York Times,† June 14, 1943) 600 people were arrested with 175 having charges made against them. Every single person held on charges had a Spanish last name. The riots came to Be called â€Å"The Zoot Suit Riots.† Zoot suits had a lot of meaning for different people. â€Å"Zoot suits† were a European fashion that was adopted by many races. It was also adopted by gangsters as their â€Å"official uniform† or dress. The zoot suits were a way for people to look and feel different. Gangsters were tired of trying to look â€Å"trendy† like other people and Not just Mexicans wore this type of clothing - it was all races - blacks, whites, Asians, and all other...

Friday, November 22, 2019

Brief Guide to the Architecture of Chicago, Illinois

Brief Guide to the Architecture of Chicago, Illinois Chicago, Illinois is known for its architecture and has long been connected with some of architectures most important names- Frank Lloyd Wright, Louis Sullivan, Mies van der Rohe, and Holabird Root. Follow these links for a virtual tour of must-see architecture in Chicago. Must-See Buildings in and around Chicago: Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower)Auditorium Building, Adler SullivanThe Manhattan BuildingFarnsworth House (near Chicago)The Old Colony Building The Marquette Building Leiter Building (II) (Sears, Roebuck Company Building)The Robie HouseThe Rookery The Arthur Heurtley HouseFrank Lloyd Wright HomeFrank Lloyd Wright StudioFrank Lloyd Wrights First Prairie Style House, the Winslow House, 1893Frank Lloyd Wright Pre-1900 Queen Anne Style HousesFrank W. Thomas HouseNathan G. Moore HouseWilliam Winslow ResidenceJay Pritzker Music Pavillion by Frank GehryAqua Tower by Jeanne Gang, 2010 Famous Chicago Architects: Daniel BurnhamBruce GrahamWilliam HolabirdWilliam Le Baron JenneyLudwig Mies van der RoheLouis Henri SullivanFrank Lloyd WrightJeanne Gang Chicago Before the Internet: Today we think nothing of shopping online. Ever hear of Amazon.com? What Amazon offers is a catalog of things to buy that can be shipped to your home. Before the digital revolution, the catalog of things was printed on paper, mailed to homes, and family members would circle items and turn down page corners for the treasures that they wanted. The Wish List in the Wish Book was the old Shopping Cart. Chicago was at the hub of the American Industrial Revolution- skyscrapers were being built and a great network of rail lines converged in Chicago at the turn of the 20th century. The US Postal Service delivered mail by rail to remote and rural locations. Sears, Roebuck Co., based in Chicago, delivered everything else- including jewery, farm equipment, groceries, and the precut supplies to build entire homes. Browse our reproduced catalog pages from Sears and other mail order companies in Bungalows by Mail, Index to Selected Floor Plans. The competition became fierce, and marketing tactics became familiar to what we know today. Through these pages, we begin to see how modern Chicago became so quickly. Learn More About Architecture in Chicago: What is the Chicago School? Skyscrapers with StyleChicago Architecture FoundationSite includes a virtual walking tour past famous skyscrapers.Chicago Architecture and Design by Jay Pridmore and George A. Larson, Abrams, 2005Chicago Architecture and Design, 1923-1993: Reconfiguration of an American Metropolis, edited by John Zukowsky, Prestel, 2000Chicago Architecture: 1885 to Today by Chicago Architecture Foundation (C.A.F.), 2008Chicago (America the Beautiful), Firefly, 2009AIA Guide to Chicago by Alice Sinkevitch, 2004A View from the River: The Chicago Architecture Foundation River Cruise by Jennifer Marjorie Bosch and Hedrich Blessing, 2008Lost Chicago by David Garrard Lowe, University Of Chicago Press, 2010Cool Chicago by Kathleen Maguire, Pavilion, 2014The Encyclopedia of Chicago edited by James R. Grossman, Ann Durkin Keating, and Janice L. Reiff, University Of Chicago Press, 2004 Plan Your Chicago Architecture Visit: For excellent tours of Chicago architecture, visit the National Register of Historic Places. Youll find maps, photographs, historical information, and travel recommendations. Choose a Historic Chicago Hotel: If youd like to stay in a historic landmark building, youll be interested in the following hotels. Millennium Knickerbocker Hotel. Built in 1927, the centrally-located 14-story hotel is known for its lavish Crystal Ballroom.Deer Path Inn. Located 30 miles north of Chicago in Lake Forest, this stately Tudor is modeled after a 15th-century English Manor House.The Burnham Hotel has taken over the historic Reliance Building, one of Chicagos early skyscrapers, completed in 1895 and fully remodeled in the 1990s Look for Special Offers in Chicago: For special offers and helpful visitor information, explore the goChicago pages here at About.com.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Whether music is allowed according to the islamic shari'a Essay

Whether music is allowed according to the islamic shari'a - Essay Example It is imperative to be aware of what our religion teaches us about music, acceptance and tolerance of music, and to what extent we are permitted to listen to music. For this we need to refer to the Quran, Hadith and sayings of the Rightly Guided Caliphs and Prophet’s companions. According to these sources, music has been termed as ‘haraam’ in our religion. Interpreters of the Holy Quran have identified the term â€Å"lahwal hadith’ as listening and singing songs, buying music and buying instruments for amusement. Sayyidana Abdullah Ibne Mas`ood, a close companion of the Holy Prophet was inquired the meaning of the phrase â€Å"lahwal hadith’ and he answered, â€Å"I swear by Him besides whom there is no other God, that it refers to ghinaa (singing), (Inter-Islam, 2001).† It is believed that he repeated this statement thrice and his views have been seconded by the Four Caliphs, the prominent Sahaba and other reliable personalities in Islam. Music is forbidden and also regarded as a major sin in the Muslim religion. Playing of musical instruments is also a major sin hence it is haraam to play the guitar, piano, drums etc. Imam Ali ibne Musa Reza says, â€Å"And to be engrossed in musical instruments is also one of the great sins,1 (Bhimji, Saleem).† A verse from Surah Luqman in the Holy Quran is often offered as a proof of prohibition of music, ‘And there are among men those who purchase idle talk in order to mislead others from Allahs path without knowledge, and who throw ridicule upon it. For such there will be a humiliating punishment.† The word â€Å"idle talk’ here refers to the word ‘lahwal hadith’ which has been discussed earlier. This word has been interpreted in two more ways but they refer to shirk (polytheism) and diverting people from Allah’s worship which takes us to the same idea of engaging in prohibited activities (Bilaal, 1986,

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

People and organization development Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

People and organization development - Coursework Example An organisation is composed of different units with specific roles that contribute to the success of the operations and the achievement of the goal. One of the most important aspects on the establishment and operation of an organisation is the change that dictates organisational development. Organisational development (OD) is the force that moves the company forward in different aspects. It is described as by Huse in 1980 as ‘the deliberate, reasoned, introduction, establishment, reinforcement, and spread of change for†¦the improvement of the organization both in terms of effectiveness and health† (Nel, 2009, p.2). For that matter, the change brought about by the reaction of the organisation to different intrinsic and extrinsic factors can be considered included in the definition of organizational development. These changes affect the components of an organisation specifically the people. One aspect of organisational development is even targeted to improve the well b eing of the people such as the employees and the members of the organisation. Due to the importance of the development of the people, the research undertaken is focused on one of the important dynamics in an organisation that is related to the people, team and team building. Team and Team Building Teams are cooperative groups in an organisation established to achieve common specific goals. ... This is where the concept of team building comes in. Team building is defined as the planned activities with the primary objective of improving the group dynamics. The main roles of team building activities include â€Å"improvement of the accomplishment of tasks, interpersonal skills, problem solving skills and team performance.† Such activities apply for different classifications of groups such as work groups, temporary project teams and virtual teams. In addition, problems and challenges within an organisation or within the team itself can be resolved through team building activities namely lack of cooperation, loss of productivity, conflicts within the group and in the work environment, lack of innovation and initiation, and the failure to achieve goals and complete tasks leading to inefficient services. Team building activities cover the different aspect within the organisation such as employee involvement, work design, restructuring, and strategic change (Cummings and Wo rley, 2009, p. 2263). In general, the issues related to team and team building is clearly connected to the change that can challenge the company and can result to either excel or fail. For that matter, the methods and principles of the dynamics of the team and the methods and techniques in team building are considered to be included in the basic protocols in the establishment and operation of organisations. Thus, to be able to achieve an understanding of the team and team building concept, it is important to consider the different topics related to the subject matter understudy. Objectives of the Study The study is aimed to present an overview of the concepts of the team and team building and the role on people and organisational development. In general, the

Sunday, November 17, 2019

External influences Essay Example for Free

External influences Essay Three ways in which an increase in unemployment might affect Hacker PLC are Organisation, Payments, and Government spending. Organisation Unemployment can have a number of effect on the internal organisation of a business. It may mean that the firm can no longer afford to recruit new members of staff because of low demand for its products. New, often young, recruits to a firm will no longer be coming through. In addition, new posts which arise may be filled through retraining of existing staff rather than recruitment. This can lead to significant changes in the age profile of an organisations employees. Redundancies are also a common feature of a period of high unemployment. Whilst the work of some who are made redundant will not be replaced, the responsibilities and roles of others may be added to the job description of those who remain within the firm. This can lead to increasing demands on existing employees. During periods of high unemployment, some firms reorganise their internal structure. This may mean the loss of a whole tier in the hierarchy or the changing of individuals job description. Payments Businesses may be faced with making redundancy payments to workers. These tend to vary between firms depending upon the average length of service of the employee. The cost of reorganisation caused by redundancies will also have to be borne by firms. Such costs may include lost productivity after a reorganisation as employees struggle to cope with new responsibilities. It may be easier for firms to recruit new employees during a period of high unemployment. This is because there is a large pool of people to choose from, with more applicants for each available post. In addition, because of the increased competition for new jobs, people may be prepared to work for less money. In this way firms can lower their labour costs. Government spending High levels of unemployment mean that government spending on social security will be high. Also, the government will lose revenue from tax and National insurance contributions which people would have paid had they been in employment. To male up for this the government may borrow, increase taxation or reduce other items of spending. 8. Structural unemployment can offer UK businesses the opportunities of new methods of productions and competition from overseas. The business benefits from the changing of pattern of demands because this means that because the business may make use of modern technology/machinery, there will be less human intervene required. This is a benefit has the business is reducing its labour costs and total costs. This is a benefit because although this means that redundancy will be made and high labour turn over will be made, at least the business will be able to keep the money spent on labour and enjoy greater profits. Secondly, the business may be gain an opportunity from this because an encouragement can be made to foreign producers to establish their businesses in UK. This will benefit the firm because it means the firm can negotiate with the government to receive grants and support with the establishment of the business, as the firm can provide employment to people and possibly to those people as well with skills not needed by domestic businesses. 15. The likely implications for the government trying to reduce the unemployment are that in Cyclical employment the business may suffer from the falling sales. In the short term, the businesses may be able to add any surplus production to stocks. Alternatively, businesses may seek new market, perhaps overseas. However, not all businesses may suffer from the changes in unemployment, whilst suppliers of luxury products could suffer substantial reduction in sales. Secondly, in structural unemployment the effects on the businesses can be severe because its often highly localised and very persistent. If there is need to a reduce output, then rationalisation and redundancy might follow and factories and offices may be closed. Research and development plans may be abandoned or postponed as firms seek to reduce their costs to match their reduced revenues. The predicted fall in the level of demand may encourage the firms to diversify.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Ian Wilmut and Cloning :: Genetic Engineering Essays

Ian Wilmut and Cloning Before Dolly the cloned sheep made news headlines, the same researchers had only the year before raised seven other sheep from oocytes whose nuclei had been replaced with nuclei from either fetal or embryonic tissue.1 This created a minor stir as this is the "first report to [their] knowledge, of live mammalian offspring following nuclear transfer from an established cell line."1 The implications of this is that they have provided techniques to analyze and modify gene functions in sheep (By providing clones of the same sheep).1 The key to their success is the "serum starvation" that the donor cell undergoes, to force the donor cell into a 'quiescent' state, so that it is not replicating its DNA or dividing. This possibly makes the nucleus more susceptible to re-programming by the recipient egg cell. The researchers built on this knowledge, and carried out a nuclear transfer from cells from the mammary gland of a 6-year old ewe in the last trimester of pregnancy. (instead of fetal or embryonic stem cells). After 277 nuclear transfers, Dolly was born.2 Dolly shows morphological characteristics belonging to the breed (Finn Dorset)that donated the nucleus instead of the oocyte donor or the surrogate mother(Scottish Blackface). Thus erasing any possibility of the birth due to the mating of the surrogate mother with another sheep. In 1975 Gurdon, Laskey & Reeves showed that nuclei transfer from keratinised skin cells of adult frogs supported growth to the tadpole stage 3. Wilmut's experiment took one step further and managed for the organism(Dolly) to grow to adulthood, thereby confirming that adult cells do in fact contain workable versions of all the genes necessary to produce an entire organism. Previously there was widespread belief that cells from adult mammals cannot be persuaded to regenerate a whole organism. Now that Wilmut has proven once and for all that this is otherwise, many cloning experiments that were once fantasy could now be accomplished. For example, an organism of interest can be cloned from any living cells from it if it no longer can reproduce normally (perhaps due to defects in gametes formation) or if only cultured cells of the organism of interest remains (it has already died but complete cell death has not occurred). However, it will take some time before Wilmut's technique is used as an important aid in all manner of biological and biomedical investigations. As forementioned, having to do 277 nuclear transfer just to obtain one living sheep is impractical for most experiments.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Comparing the ‘Club 18-30’, ‘Superfamily’ and ‘Forever Young’ brochures

Media is the means of communicating news and information to the public via printed and visual media. In contemporary society printed media has become an essential way to advertise a product to its target audience, as it is a cheap and accessible form of communication. Furthermore, examples of printed media can be seen in many different ways as they are varied forms such as leaflets, newspapers and brochures. For this particular piece of coursework I will be comparing the ‘Club 18-30', ‘Superfamily' and ‘Forever Young' brochures and seeing how they attract their target audience by using various linguistic and presentation devices. The Club 18-30 brochure appears to be aimed towards a younger and more outgoing audience who are partygoers. This can be seen through its choice of layout and organization. Although its layout might appear rushed and erratic to the older and untargeted section of society, it actually provides the younger generation with all the qualities needed in a good club brochure. The layout and organization can also be seen to be enticing as it engages the younger audience because of its simplistic form. However through the choice of layout and organization of the ‘Superfamily' brochure the audience immediately realises that the brochure's target audience is families with young children as shown by the childish qualities of the presentation: bubbles, distinctive colours etc. The layout and organisation of the Superfamily brochure is different to the others as it is clearly trying to lure children and their parents to read the brochure. Furthermore, the ‘Forever Young' brochure identifies its target audience, which appears to be mature sophisticated adults. This is shown through the layout and organization of the brochure, as it is well structured and organised. The brochure appeals to this specific type of audience since mature reserved adults are not interested in a humorous brochure as they care not for the brochure's appearance, this is shown in the brochure's text layout and organisation as most young people in a contemporary society will find the brochure dull and tiresome. The use of presentational devices in the Club 18-30 brochure reinforces the sense of reliability and authenticity, as shown by the logo of the brochure, which informs the audience that the club is an established company. Furthermore the logo specifies its target audience and uses eye-catching colours, red and yellow, reflecting the sun to entice the reader to continue reading the brochure and display the enjoyment many experience at the resort in order for people travel to the resort so they can participate in the excitement. Equally the picture succeeds in attracting its the target audience in a similar way as it enhances the sense of reliability and enjoyment, which is shown by the way the people in the picture are presented as enjoying themselves. Sub headings are also used to empathise with the audience and deal with essential questions but can be slightly abrupt by reflecting the demanding attitude of many young people. Furthermore the Superfamily brochure appeals to its target audience with its use of presentational devices such as; the irregular shape of its picture, which develops the child theme of the brochure as it is something interesting to a child would enjoy. The central, socialising picture, also illustrates the lively yet relaxed social scene for all the family and focuses on the more relevant aspects of the holiday for a family holiday, such as the accommodation, which clearly guides the reader suggesting it is a comfortable and secure environment for young children. On top of this, bullet points and sub-headings are effectively combined to summarise key points of the holiday and focuses the reader on essential information as parents need this useful information to organise their holiday so that they may feel that their children are being catered for. Additionally the use of presentational devices in the Forever young brochure enhances the quality and sophistication of the brochure, as devices such as bullet points and sub-headings are used to organise and structure the most useful information and present it in an informative way. The two pictures in the brochure also illustrate the accommodation but balance it with interesting educational places to visit on the holiday. This is done in a controlled manner, as the brochure seems to be aimed more towards mature sophisticated adults who would expect formality and professionalism. The ‘Club 18-30' brochure employs the use of informal language to engage its target audience as this type of language appeals to the youthful generation in the contemporary society. The line ‘you will need a fair bit of wedge because there's so much to do' demonstrates the writer desire to relate with younger people on an informal relaxed level, which helps the reader engage his audience because of its simplicity. Abbreviations like ‘Fab' and ‘Med' are used in the brochure to further empathise with the youthful audience and to manipulate them not to lose interest, as the brochure uses informal language they understand but mature adult would be less comfortable with, which confirms how ‘friendly' the writer to be towards young people, as obviously this is a device used to persuade and encourage young people to spend their hard earned money at the club. Further use of informal language can be seen in the line ‘enough to keep even the most hardened party animals happy' which challenges the reader and cleverly influences them to go to the club. Factual language can also be seen in the brochure but it is not excessive preferring to engage young people with informal and more evocative language compared to factual. However the Super family brochure takes a different approach compared to the Club 18-30, as the brochure is aimed towards families with young children. This is shown in the line ‘It has a beautiful one kilometre long beach of gentle-shelving white sand' where the brochure employs the use of emotive and factual language, which appeals to a wider audience rather than the expected target audience. The activities also listed in the first paragraph ‘Water sports are available, as well as tennis, go-karting and cycling' attractive active and out going people who are energetic. The brochure also empathises with audience in the line ‘No need to agonise over a menu' which inform the audience that their holiday will be taken care for them and illustrates a relaxed, calm, comfortable scene as many parents wish to do this on their holiday. The line ‘There are plenty of family activities' evokes a sense of security to the parents as they know what will be available for them to do on there holiday. The linguistic devices used to entice mature adults in the Forever young brochure vary from; factual language in the line ‘It is the largest of the Balearies' which is used to give a factual representation of the holiday, to emotive language in the line ‘an island of incredible beauty' to evoke a sense of anticipation for the holiday. The consolidating options in the line ‘it need never be the same resort twice' along with the emotive word ‘abundance' emphasises the numerous activities available in the resort and the variety available to the people on holiday. The simple sentence ‘Quite simple it has something for everyone' empathises with the audience and their needs, at the same time as informing the audience of the quality of the holiday. Through my analysis of the three brochures and their use of presentational and linguistic devices they can be seen to have engaged their targeted audiences effectively; as the brochures employ the use of formal, informal and emotive language to entice their targeted audience to the holidays the brochures are advertising. Furthermore, I can clearly announce that the brochures have achieved their fundamental purpose, as I have identified their targeted audience and empathised with them to get a clear understanding of the brochures are trying to convey.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Love and Happiness

According to the Webster dictionary love is to share one’s life, and downfalls; not just ones personal property; love is an affection for another arising out of kinship or personal ties; a strong feeling of attraction. Being honest about you and allowing the other person involved in the relationship to really get to know who you really are. Happiness is an agreeable feeling or condition of the soul arising from good fortune or propitious happening of any kind; the possession of those circumstances or that state of being which is attended with enjoyment. To love and be loved is the beauty of life; many people yearn for peace, love and happiness myself included. Love brings happiness that is what we are made to think from very early stages in life. Must we make others happy for us to be happy; therefore there are some dangerous myths in life that can keep you from being happy; it’s a bad life where we try to please others throughout life; if this fouls people usually bitter resentful and in most cases hateful to people we fail to please. If we do not resist the planked seed of co-dependence we are doomed to live for others. Collins II Love is a present experience; it has no opposite and is the union and connection of all things. Love is vast; infinitely vast; love expands with wisdom, patience and kindness. It is so expansive that it even contains room for all fears to nestle into. Love embraces all fears; within love, seeds of fear can either grow or remain unchanged or these seeds can transform and blossom into more love. Love welcomes both the unchanged fears and the transformed ones. love has room for all things at all times; for judgment, weakness, and disappointment, as well as for joy, compassion and peace. All experience nestle and find room within the open cradle and forever accepting, expanding nature of love. Happiness is much more than what an article could describe; some people describe happiness as the feeling you experience when you realize that everything is exactly as it should be; some define it as the state of feeling that you experience after reaching your goal; while others define it as having inner peace. Happiness is perspective dependent emotion; it means that what could make someone happy could not be of importance to someone else. Happiness is just like love it is energy and when it’s shared it brings out the best results; try thinking of a moment when you share a joke with a friend the laughter brings out the best that makes you feel good and happy. Although this is what gives a good feeling; a happy person in fact can attract a lot of love because in fact its easily reflected in every activity; otherwise this creates a strong bond between love and happiness; however people will always return your Collins III charming smile, even though they are frowning and looking angry people will scowl at you. There is a common edge that â€Å"life is hard and we have to struggle to be happy; with this in mind I tend to differ to our expectations of struggles and problems. It’s amazing when things are moving so swiftly for us; we subconsciously wait for the storm to come. Life was meant to be easy but pessimism interferes with the flow of happiness in our lives. Open your heart to love and happiness and you will experience a breakthrough in love and happiness; there are time when you feel a lot of joy in your heart; but nevertheless the peace you feel within your heart should beneath your soul. You choose to be happy and worry less; meanwhile you will have successful romantic relationship if you are positive about yourself; however you and others will enjoy life as well as relaxing, being together without going out of your way to impress other. This is a misconception that loves and happiness is truly a goal to attend in the future; a lone each passing day you should bring a new and unique experience to you and your love one; to share one’s life and down falls; not just ones personal property; happiness is a agreeable feeling or condition of the soul arising from fortune or propitious happening of any kind. Happiness is a perspective dependent emotion. Commitment is needed in order to build a beautiful relationship; without commitment love and happiness would not be able to grow.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

How to Write a Compelling, Informative News Lede

How to Write a Compelling, Informative News Lede The lede  is the first paragraph of any news story. It’s also the most important part. The lede must accomplish three things: Give readers the main points of the story;Get readers interested in reading the story;Accomplish both â€Å"a† and â€Å"b† in as few words as possible. Typically, editors want ledes to be no longer than 35 to 40 words. Why so short? Readers want their news delivered quickly. A short lede does just that. What Goes in the Lede? For news stories, journalists use the inverted pyramid format, which features the five â€Å"W’s and the H† – who, what, where, when, why and how. Who – who is the story about?What – what is the story about?Where – where did the event you’re writing about occur?When – when did it occur?Why – why did this happen?How – how did this happen? Example 1:  Let’s say you’re writing a story about a man who was injured when he fell off a ladder. Here are your five W’s and H: Who – the manWhat – he fell off a ladder while paintingWhere – at his houseWhen – yesterdayWhy – the ladder was ricketyHow – the rickety ladder broke So your lede might go something like this: A man was injured yesterday after falling from a rickety ladder which collapsed as he was painting his home. This sums up the main points of the story in just 19 words, which is all you need for the lede. Example 2:  Let’s say you’re writing a story about a house fire in which three people suffer smoke inhalation. Here are your five W’s and H: Who – three peopleWhat – they suffered smoke inhalation and were hospitalized after a house fireWhere – at the houseWhen – yesterdayWhy – a man fell asleep smoking in bedHow – the cigarette ignited the mans mattress Heres how this lede might go: Three people were hospitalized for smoke inhalation yesterday from a house fire officials say was ignited when a man in the home fell asleep while smoking in bed. This lede clocks in at 28 words a little longer than the last one, but still short and to the point. Example 3: Heres something a bit more complicated. This is a story about a hostage situation. Here are your five W’s and H: Who – six people, one gunmanWhat – the gunman held six people hostage in a restaurant for two hours before surrendering to policeWhere – at Billy Bobs Barbecue JointWhen – last nightWhy – the gunman tried robbing the restaurant but police arrived before he could escapeHow – he ordered the six people into the kitchen Heres how this lede might go: A failed robbery of Billy Bob’s Barbeque last evening resulted in six being held hostage as police surrounded the building. The suspect surrendered without incident following a two-hour standoff. This lede is 29 words, which isnt bad for a story that has a bit more complexity to it. Write Ledes on Your Own Here are some examples to try on your own. Who – Barrett Bradley, the president of Centerville CollegeWhat – he announced tuition will be raised 5 percentWhere – at a gathering in the colleges amphitheaterWhen – yesterdayWhy – enrollment is dropping and the college is facing a $3 million deficitHow – he will ask the colleges board of trustees to approve the tuition hikeWho – Melvin Washington, point guard for the Centerville High School basketball teamWhat – he scores a record 48 points to lead the team to the state championship over the rival team at Roosevelt High SchoolWhere – in the schools gymnasiumWhen – last nightWhy – Washington is a gifted athlete who observers say has an NBA career ahead of himHow – he is a remarkably precise shooter who excels at making 3-pointersWho – Centerville Mayor Ed JohnsonWhat – he holds a press conference announcing he has a drinking problem and is stepping down from his postWhere – in his office at City HallWhen – todayWhy – Johnson says he is entering rehab to deal with his alcoholismHow – he will step down and deputy mayor Helen Peterson will take over

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Definition and Examples of Binomials in Algebra

Definition and Examples of Binomials in Algebra A polynomial equation with two terms usually joined by a plus or minus sign is called a binomial. Binomials are used in algebra. Polynomials  with one term will be called a monomial and could look like 7x. A polynomial with two terms is called a binomial; it could look like 3x 9. It is easy to remember binomials as bi means 2 and a binomial will have 2 terms. A classic example is the following:  3x 4 is a binomial and is also a polynomial,  Ã‚  2a(ab) 2  is also a binomial (a and b are the binomial factors). The above are both binomials. When multiplying binomials, youll come across a term called the FOIL method which is often just the method used to multiply binomials.   For instance,  to find the product of 2 binomials, youll add the products of the First  terms, the Outer terms, the Inner terms, and the Last terms. When youre asked to square a binomial, it simply means to multiply it by itself. The square of a binomial will be a trinomial. The product of two binomials will be a trinomial. Example of Multiplying Binomials (5 4x) x (3 2x)(5 4x)(3 2x) (5)(3) (5)(2x) (4x)(3) (4x)(2i) 15 10x 12x 8(x)2 15 22x 8(-1) 15 22x - 8 (15 - 8) 22x 7 22x Once you begin taking  algebra in school, youll be doing a great many computations that require binomials and polynomials.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Analisis de La multitud errante de Laura Restrepo Essay

Analisis de La multitud errante de Laura Restrepo - Essay Example Sin embargo, no se sabe muy bien los detalles de su historia, o su motivacià ³n para encontrar a su otra que el hecho de que sabemos que Tres Sietes realmente amaba a Matilde Lina. Tres Sietes dice que el mundo "sabe" como su amor perdido, Matilde Lina. Es de esta manera que Tres Sietes lamenta el hecho de que se ha perdido su amor. El narrador intenta entrar en su mundo, sin à ©xito. Se trata de detener el dolor, pero nada de lo que se parece ayudar. Hay un problema mà ¡s grande que amenaza a la historia, sin embargo. Tres Sietes es un hombre, y es, obviamente, este hecho que impide un flujo claro de comunicacià ³n entre el narrador y Tres Sietes. En un dià ¡logo entre un hombre y una mujer, "El problema mà ¡s grande es la falla de una o racionalizado pà ºblica lenguaje masculinizado ... el que se separa en las representaciones culturales de la voz privada ... Una dialà ³gica feminista traerà ­a estas dos lenguas en un dià ¡logo." ... Sin embargo, por necesidad de un hombre, ella se esta definiendo a traves de esa persona. En lugar de inspirar en ella un espiritu independiente, que esta dependiendo de un hombre para hacerse cumplir. La idea de que La Multitud Errante pretende es que uno no necesariamente deben depender de alguien mas para uno de los medios de subsistencia, ya sea hombre o mujer--pero sobre lo todo, que una mujer depende de un hombre. Si bien es normal que una mujer desea ajustarse a un molde determinado en un sentido social, es dificil de romper la cadena de continuar en el camino de sus predecesores. Por supuesto, no todas las mujeres es liberada. No todas las mujeres pueden encontrarse en el curso de su vida. A veces las mujeres se dedican sus vidas enteras a sus parejas masculinas, con la esperanza de que sus deseos se cumpliran, como resultado de su devocion. Una de las mayores dificultades como mujer, como ha demostrado este narrador, es encontrarse a si mismo. La busqueda de la propia person alidad es dificil de encontrar. Esta no es una tarea facil. Con el fin de averiguar lo que uno quiere de la vida, uno tiene que hacer una gran cantidad de pensamiento. El narrador parece como si, para ayudar a aquellas personas que estan desposeidos, que ella misma esta asumiendo la carga de los que se quedan en su vivienda. Ella espera que de alguna manera una parte de ella sera guardado en sacrificar su tiempo y recursos para estas personas que se quedan en su lugar de refugio. Por supuesto, la busqueda de uno mismo viene con la contemplacion y reflexion interior. Es imposible encontrarse a uno mismo sin mirar lo que uno hace en la vida y la forma en que reflexiona sobre el caracter de uno. El narrador es, evidentemente, en conflicto. ?Le sigue a sacrificar su tiempo

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Newspaper report on the conditions in the factories and mining areas Essay - 1

Newspaper report on the conditions in the factories and mining areas of Industrial England - Essay Example The poor building design of the industrial cities, coupled with the existence of carbon emissions from the fireworks in the industries have combined to deny the residents of the industrial cities an access to clean air, and thus the result is the inhalation of air that is short in oxygen but highly enriched in carbon and other air pollutants from the surrounding industries, whose consequence on the residents has been† mental and physical lassitude and low vitality† (Engels, 1). Thus, the conditions of the factories and mining areas are characterized by people who have acute health problems, which are a function of chronic poverty, coupled with inflammatory infections (Engels, 2). Further, it is through bad ventilation and overcrowding that characterizes these areas, that the level of deaths and illnesses have continuously increased, while the productivity of the workforce in the industries and the factories continue to decline, considering that they can no longer perform at their best, due to health complications (Chadwick, 2). The congestion of the people in the working rooms within the industries and factories is inconceivable, considering that a room that is a maximum of 18 yards long and 8 yards wide can be used by approximately 80 people, and most importantly heavily working, breathing and sweating people (Chadwick, 2). In better terms, the conditions in the factories and mining areas of Industrial England can simply be termed as horrific, when the reality sinks in the mind, in consideration of the fact that men are working knee to knee during the summer, with the room lit with sky lights, but candles introduced when the hours have proceeded and darkness is setting in. when the people start sweating, and the air within the room becomes completely short of oxygen, while the breathing adds more carbon and yet the candles that have been lit increases the heat and the carbon levels in the air, the conditions become intolerable for the workers, and people â€Å"faint away in the shop from the excessive heat and closeness†, despite the smell being intolerable (Chadwick, 2). The conditions in the industries and the factories are neither better during the winter season, since the scathing cold gives the workers more reasons to stay even closer, while blocking all the ventilation and closing the windows, to stay away from cold. The consequence of this is that; the atmosphere becomes even more polluted, while the smell increases two folds, causing even more people to suffer more adverse health effects in the winter than in the summer, since at least during the summer windows and the little ventilations allow in air, even though it is not any fresh (Chadwick, 4). While affecting the health of the workers adversely, the horrific atmosphere and the lack of clean air for breathing takes a toll on the workers, through reducing their energies, and consequently their level of performance (Engels, 1). While the conditions in the wor kplaces could be considered horrific, the places of residence of the working classes are not any better. It could be significantly disturbing to have heaps of decaying wastes just outside the compound of the people living in the villages, because for them, the garbage heap is a source of nuisance, especially when the wind blows the garbage components and the smell in the direction of the house (Engels, 2). However, the condition is even worse for those living in the industrial cities, where the heap of garbage is either close to the door or right across the street, but the worst thing is that there is not even the wind to blow in fresh air, meaning that the stench characterizes the air around the houses (Engels, 2). The devastating working and living conditions of

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Managing Organisational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Managing Organisational Change - Essay Example Recent advancements in technology and globalization have rendered the business environment full of changes. For instance, the emergence of mobile adaptability and social media has resulted in an increase in the need for change. Paying attention to detail has raised the stakes for failed business efforts pilling pressure on the struggling executives. With this so much change going on in the business environment, firm need to learn how to adapt to these changes. Organizational changes ensure that changes are smoothly and successfully implemented in order to attain long-lasting benefits. Change occurs due to the pressure of both external and internal forces in the firm. The paper will discuss technology advancements and change of managerial personnel as external and internal forces of change in an organization respectively. The paper will go ahead and relate how these pressures have impacted on Group Danone. Technological advancements have a secondary influence of increasing the availability and accountability of change. Therefore, to remain and survive in the business environment, the management needs to be alert to any changing forces and make a response by initiating changes within the organization. Palmer, Dunford and Akin, (2009:358) argue that the images for managing change include the director, navigator, caretaker, coach, interpreter, and nurturer. For instance, during the course of change, the director is tasked with the responsibility of designing the process of change and directing people to adhere in that the change is attained as planned. The navigator designs the change process in order to best fit the conditions experienced. The caretaker role is attained are attained due to environmental factors. The coach is tasked assisting the members of the organization to develop within themselves the abilities prerequisite for success. For a change to be effective, the organizations need to ensure that the employees are in support of

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Pakistani Community In Britain Sociology Essay

Pakistani Community In Britain Sociology Essay Ali (1982) Pakistanis main concentration is in U.K. where they began in the early 20th century as sailors in the Merchant Navy and soldiers in the British army. They had an opportunity to migrate in large numbers following the economic expansion and shortage of labour resulting from the two world wars. However, their migration did not have a set pattern up until the last half of the 1950s. (p. 5-7) Post world war two migration to Britain from the Asian subcontinent was based on imperial ties and largely driven by economic imperatives. Rebuilding post war economy entailed a demand for labour that could not be satisfied by the British population itself. After 1945, virtually all countries in Western Europe began to attract significant numbers of workers from abroad and by the late 1960s they mostly came from developing countries in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and the Middle East (Massey, D. et.al , 1993, p. 431). Islam in the UK has a South Asian character. The largest number of Muslims originates from Pakistan (Samad Sen, p.43). Further to this, the largest group of Muslims from the Indian subcontinent have come from Pakistan, both West and East (Ibid.) In Pakistan, major impetuses to emigrate came from the poorer agricultural areas of the Mirpuri district in southern Kashmir and the Cambellpur district of the north-eastern Punjab. Smaller numbers left from the North-west Fron tier Province next to the Afghani border. In the case of Mirpur, a further factor was the disruption caused by the Mangla Dam project which started in 1960, and was ultimately to flood about 250 villages. In East Pakistan, which was later to become Bangladesh, the two main sources of immigration were in the Sylhet district in the north-east and the maritime region around Chittagong. Due to the struggles of a newly developed state and poverty, many Pakistanis took the opportunity to come and work in Britain. (Neilsen, 2004, p. 41) Before 1962, Pakistanis were British subjects (under the 1948 British Nationality Act) and could enter Britain without restriction. There was a dramatic increase in the rate of immigration just before the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962  [1]  was passed. Before the act of 1962 was passed about fifty thousand people entered Britain within 18 months, in comparison the 17,000 who entered between 1955 and 1960 (Shaw, 1998: 25). The threat of Britains immigration controls also coincided with a change in the Pakistani Governments policy on immigration. In 1961, when the 1962 Common wealth Act was imminent, Pakistani government withdrew restrictions on immigration and promoted the migration of 5,000 people in a move to compensate Mirpuri villagers who had been dispossessed of land by the construction of the dam (Shaw, 1998: 25). Until the beginning of the 1960s, entry into the UK by the citizens of British colonies and member countries of the Commonwealth Immigration Act of 1962, introduced restrictions on immigration to the UK. Although it was intended to discourage Pakistanis and people from Commonwealth countries from migrating to the country, it turned out to have the opposite effect. The unintended effect of the 1971 Immigration Act  [2]  was that a significant number of Pakistanis and from the other countries entered the UK to beat the ban (Shaw, 1994, as quoted in Samad Sen, 2007, p. 28). 1970s family reunification marked a turning point for the establishment of Islam in Europe. Along with emergence of community through family reunification, some of the conventional norms rooted in social relations, through the practice of Islam began to emerge (Ibid., p.38) These labour migrants despite their social origins and qualification levels were largely confined to low-paid manual work and faces racial discrimination when being recruited for jobs (Modood, 2005, p. 60). In the 1970s Ethnic minorities were branded as scroungers and the threat of overcrowding was becoming a grave concern. Enoch Powell, in 1967, openly advocated a policy of repatriation where he argued not for migrants; families to be reunited in Britain but rather that migrants should be returned home and reunited with families over there (Jones and Wellhengama, 2000: 16). Further to this, by emphasising that Britishness comprises common biological roots, a common language and an allegiance to the Crown; parliamentarians easily excluded certain migrants (Ibid, p. 31). With the consequences of state led policies of migration, and arrival and settlement of a growing Pakistani community, emerged socio-economic problems that this new community had to face. The next part of the essay will discuss the various ways in which the British Pakistanis are disadvantaged and ways in which they responded to the underlying and changing political, social and economic conditions in Britain. While the disadvantage of Pakistanis actually predates the rise of anti-Muslim prejudice, the latter threatens to exacerbate the former and to prevent the formation of goodwill required to act against the chronic disadvantage of Pakistanis in Britain. (Modood, 2005, p. 80) As the Labour force survey (Spring, 2000 as quoted in Saman Sen, p. 45) illustrates, Pakistanis are two and a half times more likely than the white population to be unemployed and nearly three times more likely to be in low-paid jobs. According to Cessari (p. 58) the socio-economic marginality of Pakistanis is most often accompanied by residential segregation. She argues that the data from the British census show that Pakistani immigrants tend to live in the most dilapidated or unhealthy housing conditions. Chain migration processes have a strong influence on locating minorities in clusters. Hostility from the society within which the settlement takes place can reduce the ability of the group to disperse and defence may be an important element in clustering. There are both positive and negative reasons for clustering in most ethnic clustering patterns and, given their simultaneous presence in many situations, it is difficult to disentangle dominant from recessive factors. Nevertheless, it is important to recognize that not all segregation results from negative factors such as white racism (Peach, 1996, p. 228) Rex and Moore (1967) demonstrated high levels of discrimination against immigrants, particularly against Pakistanis, in their field area of Sparkbrook in Birmingham. They showed high concentrations of Pakistans in their lowest housing class, the rooming house. Work by Dahya (1974), on the other hand, argued that Pakistani concentration in multi-occupied accommodation was a preferred, not an enforced, strategy. He argued that chain migration by village and family, the desire to maximize savings, shared language and religion, culinary needs and so forth all argued in favour of sharing accommodation. Thus, although discrimination existed, it was not material to the patterns of concentration that arose. Many of the early Pakistani migrants to Britain have been the most reluctant to attach a British identity to themselves. With the effects of globalisation, Pakistanis are also worried about losing their traditions, customs and values and hence hold onto the security of their close knit society with a hesitance in accepting anything British; (Jacobson, 1997, 185). Pakistani British Muslims have been vastly influenced by cultures and customs emanating from the subcontinent, and this will continue to happen for another generation or two. The context within which they practice their religion is after all, Pakistani one: not only because they younger generation learned about Islam from their Pakistani parents but also because Pakistanis are the dominant group within the local Muslim community. They are used to hearing Urdu spoken in mosque, eating Pakistani food and wearing Pakistani clothes at religious festivals, follow Pakistani customs at weddings and other religiousceremonies and abide by and rail against definitions of moral behaviour which have more to do with the norms of Pakistani village life. For them the interconnections between ethnic culture and religion are dense and intricate (Jacobson, J. 2003, p. 147) V.S. Khan (1979), writing on Mirpuris in Bradford, discusses the effect of migration on those arriving in Britain and ways in which this shapes their socio-cultural behavior. He maintains that the very means of coping with migration could lead to inherent stresses, in that the knowledge of traditional culture in the homeland, constant evaluation through the process of migration to Britain and prior expectations have a direct affect on the migrants life-style and values. The stressful experience of migration is alsoa crucial determinant of a migrants perception of his situation, and the actual options open to him. While many of the supportive institutions of village life buffer confrontation with the new and alien world in Britain, in the long term they not only restrict access to it, but also hinder the attainment of things valued (Ibid. p. 55) Werbner discusses similar factors: the social stresses experienced by Pakistani migrants in Britain derive from three main `arenas; the traditional culture and emigration area; the migration process; and settlement in the new environment and society (1990: 37). Her analysis however, presents a more positive view of the adaptability of Pakistanis to new circumstances, in particular to those concerning women, and regarding the expansion of kinship networks to inculcate friends and members of other sub-castes. (Imtiaz, 1997, p. 36) Significance of Bradford: The Bradford Metropolitan District is situated west of Leeds; north of the trans- Pennine highway. To the north and east lies North Yorkshire, with its manor houses, farms and cathedral cities, while to the west and north lies the Lake District. The city has been the centre of the wool trade since the 18th century and, until recently, wool dominated the local economy. Even the engineering and chemical industries were associated with the wool trade by supplying the needs of the textile industry. Throughout the 19th century it was mainly a working class city structured around a low wage economy. The global networks, stretching out to the colonies, in particular, were constructed around importing wool and reprocessing it for export. These networks persisted into the mid-twentieth century (Samad Eade, Community Laison Unit) Although Pakistani Muslims settled in various parts of the United Kingdom, Bradford still has one of the highest concentrations of Pakistani Muslims in the country (and more than any other Yorkshire and Humber region) (Din, 2006). Bradford is one of many towns and cities that have ethnically diverse populations in terms of religion as well such places as Tower Hamlets, Birmingham and Slough (National Census, 2001). The Bradford area also has one of the highest numbers of individuals who were born outside the European Union (National Census, 2001). The majority of Muslims in Bradford have roots in rural areas, with a large majority of Pakistanis from Mirpur in Azad Kashmir, a mountainous region and one of the least northern areas of Pakistan. This Pakistani community has a growing underclass with a significant section of young men under achieving in schools. They are generally characterised by low educational qualifications and occupational concentrations in restaurants and taxi driving. Along with low participation of women in the formal labour market and marriage at an early age, fewer years of education, lower educational skills and large average family and household size contributes to multiple deprivations (Lewis, 2007). Bradford has a rich religious, ethnic and cultural diversity. With a range of ethnic communities, it is predominantly Muslim (16.1 per cent) and largely of Pakistani origin with 14.5 percent of the total population of the city (National Statistics, 2003 as quoted in Gilligan, 2005). The Pakistani communities are very much concentrated in the inner wards of the city, where they tend to live amidst a relatively self-contained world of businesses and institutions, religious and cultural, which they have created to service, their specific needs (Lewis, 2002, p. 203.) Compared to other majority white communities, Bradfords Asian population is relatively young (National Statistics, 2003). They also tend to be located in areas facing relatively high levels of deprivation and disadvantage (DETR, 2000; Cantle, 2001; Denham, 2001 as quoted in Gilligan Akhtar, 2005). According to the Change Institutes report on the Pakistani Muslim Community in England, (2009) currently Bradford has the largest proportion of its total population (15%) identifying itself as of Pakistani origin in England. The report suggests that the latest estimates (from Bradford Metropolitan District Council) have indicated that the South Asian population has grown considerably over the last decade to 94,250, and that the people of Pakistani/Kashmiri origin number about 73,900. It further states that the South Asian population now represents about 19 per cent of the total population of Bradford and 16 per cent of Bradfords residents are Muslims, compared to the national average of 3 per cent. Therefore, the overwhelming majority of Pakistanis (young and old) have an attachment to Bradford. For many older Pakistanis, who arrived in the late 1950s and early 60s, Bradford is Mirpur is their home from home. For the young generations of Pakistanis it is their home (Din, 2006) Studies on Mirpuris: Much of the literature on Pakistanis in Britain, particularly from the late 1970s up to the late 1980s, tends to be based on studies of communities in particular towns, such as Anwar (1979) on Rochdale, Currer (1983) on Bradford, Jeffrey (1979) on Bristol, Shaw (1988) on Oxford, and Werbner (1985 1990) on Manchester. A number of studies have explored the extent of Asian (or Pakistani) migration and settlement across various geographical towns and cities (see Khan, 1974, 1979; Anwar, 1979; Shaw, 1988, 1994; Werbner, 1990). Some have had a particular focus on employment and housing issues (in particular Dahya, 1974; Werbner and Anwar, 1991; Anwar, 1991). Measuring the economic position of communities is easier to determine; what is more difficult is to examine the experiences and attitudes of young people towards their parents/elders; their community and the wider British society. There is an enormous amount of published work on the early immigrants (Rose et al, 1969; Dahya, 1974; Khan 1979). Rose et al (1969) is a good starting point for cultural studies relating to the Pakistani community. Rose explored issues such as the need to recruit labour immigrants to meet the needs of the British economy and the settlement process of the early immigrants in textile cities like Bradford. In addition he explored the problems encountered, such as obtaining suitable accommodation, access to public services, integration and the problems of adapting to a very different way of life. The experiences of families of early settlers joining their husbands in the United Kingdom have also, to an extent, been explored. This shows close-knit family ties which exist in Pakistani families, arranged marriages, biraderi and gender inequalities in Pakistani households (Khan, 1979). One of the earliest writers on Pakistanis in England is Dahya (1973 1974), who began his research in Birmingham and Bradford in 1956 and continued to publish into the 1980s. He remains amongst a hand full of researchers who have endeavoured to describe daily life amongst the single, male migrants and the control exercised over them by heads of families back in Pakistan. He clearly explained the nature of the links between the migrants in England and the social structures operating in Pakistan, based on the need for the migrant, whose family has sent him abroad in order for him to send back remittances and thus benefit not only immediate relatives but also the whole of the biraderi or kinship group. He concludes that: the Pakistani migrant community is in a very real sense a transitional society going through the phase of development from a rural to an urban industrial society (1973: p, 275). Today, with the constant movement between the villages of origin of Pakistani migrants and their places of inhabitancy in Britain, paving way for a constant, rapid social and economic change in both societies, his conclusion tends to be within a situational context of a time, when both were much more separate than they are today. Jamal (1998) carried out a research to explore food consumption experiences the British-Pakistanis in Bradford, UK and the ways the British Pakistanis perceive their food, and their perception of English food in the UK. He identified that the first generation of British-Pakistanis perceive their own food to be traditional, tasty but oily and problematic. Various English foods are perceived by them as foreign, bland, but nonetheless, healthy. The young generation of British-Pakistanis are increasingly consuming mainstream English foods while also consuming traditional Pakistani food. Rex and Moore (1967) demonstrated high levels of discrimination against immigrants, particularly against Pakistanis, in their field area of Sparkbrook in Birmingham. They showed high concentrations of Pakistans in their lowest housing class, the rooming house. Work by Dahya (1974), on the other hand, argued that Pakistani concentration in multi-occupied accommodation was a preferred, not an enforced, strategy. He argued that chain migration by village and family, the desire to maximize savings, shared language and religion, culinary needs and so forth all argued in favour of sharing accommodation. Thus, although discrimination existed, it was not material to the patterns of concentration that arose. According to the Labour force survey (Spring, 2000 as quoted in Saman Sen, p. 45), Pakistanis are two and a half times more likely than the white population to be unemployed and nearly three times more likely to be in low-paid jobs. According to Cessari (p. 58) the socio-economic marginality of Pakistanis is most often accompanied by residential segregation. She argues that the data from the British census show that Pakistani immigrants tend to live in the most dilapidated or unhealthy housing conditions. Another study of south Asian Muslims in Bradford by Khan (2009) refutes the commonly held belief that British Muslim alienation is an entirely Islamist narrative. In fact, the subjects of the study are alienated not only from British society but also from the cultural traditions and values of their own families. The author of the study was struck by their disconnected individualism and described them as libertines. This clearly contradicts the stereotype of Islamists radicalised by a hatred of Western society. Recent study by Bolgnani (2007) highlights forms of homeland attachment and analyses their significance among second- and third-generation British Pakistanis by comparison with the myth of return that characterised the early pioneer phase of Pakistani migration to Britain. He highlights that Homeland attachment for young British Pakistanis is constituted through school holidays spent in Pakistan, participation there in life-cycle rituals involving the wider kinship network, and the older generations promotion of the idea of Pakistan as a spiritual and cultural homeland. It further suggests that, for the pioneer generation, the myth of return justified a socio-economically motivated migration. He further argues that for the second and third generations, the homeland attachments and the idea of a possible return to Pakistan is a response to contemporary political tensions and Islamophobia. Therefore, he concludes that while myth of return still remains, for the majority, that myth has been revitalised and has a new political significance in the contemporary political context of British Pakistanis. However, another study of south Asian Muslims in Bradford by Khan (2009) refutes the commonly held belief that British Muslim alienation is an entirely Islamist narrative. In fact, the subjects of the study are alienated not only from British society but also from the cultural traditions and values of their own families. The author of the study was struck by their disconnected individualism and described them as libertines. This clearly contradicts the stereotype of Islamists radicalised by a hatred of Western society. Marriages: The governing principle of marital choice in any community is homogamy the selection of a partner from a similar social background shaped, for example, by race, class, ethnicity, religion, age and education, thus those who do not conform to these norms, in some circumstances, suffer sanctions, ranging from disapproval to ostracism (Bradford Commission Report 1996). For Pakistanis, the life-cycle with weddings, births and funerals is particularly lived in a shared way by the family extended and split over two continents, Europe and Asia. Adults make return trips for various reasons, but most centrally to arrange or perform a childs marriage (Ballard 1987, p. 21; Shaw 2001, p. 319-325). Among British Pakistanis marriage is not only within the same ethnic group, but consanguineous-arranged with relatives-according to clan as well as caste systems. In a complex context of ethnicity and caste, marriage is often seen as the chosen mechanism to consolidate biradari  [3]  loyalties. Furthermore, due to chain migration, stronger village and kin networks were created, that were later reinforced by transnational arranged marriages, often with cousins from the same area or village. Pakistanis, like many other groups, consider it an important parental responsibility to find spouses for their children. They prefer to select someone they know well, to be sure that he or she has the qualities they appreciate and will make a caring partner. However, Khan (1977) argues in his research that ethnic minorities such as Pakistanis, face two problems namely the limited availability of suitable persons in the restricted local community, and another the fact that their circle of acquaintance in the country of origin tends to shrink within the limits of the extended family. Therefore, for groups with a tradition of consanguineous marriage, it is only natural for the choice of partner to fall progressively closer within the family circle. This argument is supported by Rao Inbaraj (1979) who give evidence to support this view from South India, arguing that for South Asians monogamous, close consanguineous marriage has been practised for thousands of years. Moreover, Bano (1991) discussed the upward social mobility through the institution of marriage amongst British Pakistanis, which she sees as being marked in the Netherlands in comparison to Pakistan. She described the practice of cousin marriages explaining their common prevalence amongst relatively wealthy, rural, as well as landowning families. She then discusses the extension of cousin marriage (Ibid. p.15), proposing that it could include partners being chosen from distant family, or from the same religious tendency, or from the parents close business contacts. According to a research conducted by Overall and Nichols (2001), the U.K. Asian population, particularly within the Pakistani communities, tends to have high levels of consanguineous unions which are correlated with high rates of morbidity and mortality (Darr and Modell 1988; Terry et al. 1985; Bundey et al. 1991 as quoted in Overall Nickols, 2001). It is not unusual to observe a proportion of first-cousin marriages of around 50% (Darr and Modell 1988). Modood et al. argue that the Asian older generation prefers marriages to be arranged by families within the clan or extended family and that love marriages were not the most appropriate way of finding a life-partner. The most frequent argument supporting this view was that love marriages are equated with high levels of divorce. Arranged marriages are seen as diminishing the likelihood of divorce because the partners are chosen for their compatibility and suitable family backgrounds (Modood et al. 1997). According to most researchers there is a continuing prevalence for high rates of intercontinental and intra-caste marriages (over 50%) between British Pakistani spouses and brides or grooms in Pakistan (Charsley, 2003; Shaw, 2001). It is suggested that the pressure for such marriages is apparently exerted by close relatives in Pakistan who use marriage as a route for their children to migrate legally to Britain. According to recent research, however, the spouses marrying into Britain often suffer isolation, and have poor employment prospects (Charsley, 2003). Furthermore, most Pakistani children are compliant and agree, however reluctantly, to cousin and intercontinental marriages (Jacobson, 1998). The Home Office statistics show an influx of 15,000 prospective marriage partners (male and female) from the Indian sub-continent arriving in Britain in 2001 alone, the vast majority arranged by parents for their British-born children (Werbner, 2005). Charsley (2003) reports that, in 2000, there were 10,000 people both men and women, who married into Braitian. Werbner (2005) explains this phenomenon by arguing that Islam permits marriage with a wide range of close kin and affines, and according to recent researches, the majority of Pakistani marriages continue to take place within the biradari; a local agnatic lineage and, more widely, an ego-focused kindred of traceable affines and consanguineous kin. She argues that this notion of biradari helps mediate between kinship, locality and zat (caste), and that such biradaris are ranked and reflect class and caste status in the Pakistani society (Werbner, 2005). Darr and Modell (1988) conducted a research that carried inculcated an enquiry answered by 100 randomly selected British Pakistani mothers in the postnatal wards of two hospitals in West Yorkshire, Bradford, showed that 55 were married to their first cousins, while only 33 cases had individuals whether their mother had been married to her first cousin. Darr and Modell argued that there results indicated an increasing rate of consanguineous marriage in the relatively small group studied, contrasting with the decreasing rate which was observed in some other countries. They had enquired 900 women in hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan, in 1983 showing 36% first cousin marriages, 4% first cousin once removed, 8% second cousin, and 53% unrelated (of which 25% were in the Biraderi (same kinship). These figures are almost identical with those reported in Britain for the grand parental generation (who were married while they were in Pakistan), and supported their conclusion that the frequency of c lose consanguineous marriage was increasing among British Pakistanis (p. 189). According to another research by Modell (1991) both in Pakistan and the UK about 75% of marriages are between relatives, but the frequency of closely consanguineous marriage has increased with migration, about 55% of couples of reproductive age in England being married to a first cousin. In many cases the relationship is closer than first cousins because of previous consanguineous marriages in the family. The proportion of cousin marriages is likely to fall but the absolute number will increase, at least for the next generation, because the population is growing. According to the results of a study by Alam Husband (2006), Muslims comprise the UKs largest religious minority, and are the object of analysis and concern within various policy arenas and popular debates, including immigration, marriage and partner selection, social cohesion and integration. Their research analysed experiences and narratives from 25 men aged 16 to 38, their accounts shedding light on what it means to be a Bradfordian of Pakistani and Muslim heritage. It also highlighted the policy context surrounding the mens attitudes toward various facets of their lives, including marriage, family, work, the city in general, and the neighbourhood in which they lived. Alam Husband concluded that although there were some generational continuity of cultural values and norms, several significant changes were also simultaneously taking place. Shaw (2001) began his study by supposing that in the 1990s, forty years after Pakistani migration to Britain began, the rate of consanguineous marriage among British Pakistanis would show signs of decline, as the urbanized and British-educated descendants of pioneer immigrants adopt the values of many contemporary Westerners and reject arranged marriages. However, on the contrary based on the statistical data he gathered, he saw that Pakistani marriage patterns showed no such clear trend, and instead there was some evidence that, within certain groups of British Pakistanis, the rate of first-cousin marriage had increased rather than declined. The study offered an analysis and interpretation of a high rate of marriage to relatives, especially first cousins, in a sample of second-generation British Pakistanis. It argued that the high rate of such marriage is not a simple reflection of a cultural preference. The research also underlines the inadequacy of a blanket category Pakistani in relation to marriage patterns and choices. Shaw suggested that certain variations in region of origin, caste, socio-economic status, and upbringing must be considered in analysis in order to reveal the processes that have generated this pattern and allowed it to persist. Simpson (1997) claims that in Bradford 50 per cent of marriages are trans-continental, i.e. the partner sare from Pakistan. He has proposed two reasons that help explain the reasons for choosing partners from outside Britain, and has analysed the ways these reasons operate independently or may reinforce each other. Firstly, there is a cultural preference for consanguinity, usually marriage to a cousin, which is prevalent among the Pakistani community. As Sarah Bundey et al. (1990) showed in her research that 69 per cent of Birmingham Pakistani marriages are consanguineous and it is expected that if current researchers were carried out they will show similar levels in Bradford, considerably higher than in Pakistan itself. Simpson (1997) further argues that since emigration from Pakistan to Britain is usually seen as a positive achievement, marriage also functions specifically to fulfil a commitment to improve the family fortunes. He gives the second reason that many Muslim young peopl e in Bradford express a cultural preference for partners with traditional values and that sentiment is echoed by their parents who then arrange or help to arrange their marriage partners from Pakistan. Simpson nevertheless points out that, this trend should not be seen as simply a preference for subservient wives albeit this may be true for some. He further points out that there is qualitative evidence that some young Muslim women see men with traditional values from Pakistan as providing a more secure family future than the more liberal friends with whom they have grown up in Bradford. This Simpson points out may coincide both with the strong Muslim and the strong Pakistani identities that are noted among Bradford young women, based on researchers by Kim Knott and Sajda Khokher (1993) and by Kauser Mirza (1989). Modood and Berthoud (1997) carried out a research to show that among ethnic minority groups 20 per cent of African-Caribbeans